1. Carbon (C): Nrog rau kev nce ntawm cov pa roj carbon hauv cov hlau, lub zog tawm thiab lub zog tensile nce ntxiv, tab sis qhov plasticity thiab lub zog cuam tshuam txo qis; Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov pa roj carbon ntau dua 0.23%, lub peev xwm weld ntawm cov hlau poob qis. Yog li ntawd, cov pa roj carbon ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj alloy siv rau kev vuam feem ntau tsis tshaj 0.20%. Kev nce ntawm cov pa roj carbon kuj tseem yuav txo qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm cov hlau, thiab cov hlau carbon siab yooj yim rau corrode hauv huab cua qhib. Tsis tas li ntawd, carbon tuaj yeem ua rau kom txias brittleness thiab laus rhiab heev ntawm cov hlau.

2. Silicon (Si): Silicon yog ib qho deoxidizer muaj zog hauv cov txheej txheem ua hlau, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm silicon hauv cov hlau tua feem ntau yog 0.12% -0.37%. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm silicon hauv hlau tshaj 0.50%, silicon hu ua alloying element. Silicon tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov elastic limit, yield strength thiab tensile strength ntawm hlau, thiab yog siv dav ua cov hlau caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Ntxiv 1.0-1.2% silicon rau hauv cov hlau quenched thiab tempered tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog ntxiv los ntawm 15-20%. Ua ke nrog silicon, molybdenum, tungsten thiab chromium, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion resistance thiab oxidation resistance, thiab tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov hlau tiv taus cua sov. Cov hlau carbon tsawg uas muaj 1.0-4.0% silicon, nrog rau qhov permeability magnetic siab heev, yog siv ua hlau hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Kev nce ntawm silicon cov ntsiab lus yuav txo qhov weld-muaj peev xwm ntawm hlau.

3. Manganese (Mn): Manganese yog ib qho tshuaj deoxidizer thiab desulfurizer zoo. Feem ntau, hlau muaj 0.30-0.50% manganese. Thaum ntxiv ntau tshaj 0.70% manganese rau hauv cov hlau carbon, nws hu ua "manganese steel". Piv nrog cov hlau ib txwm, nws tsis tsuas yog muaj zog txaus xwb, tab sis kuj muaj zog thiab tawv dua, uas ua rau cov hlau tawv thiab ua haujlwm kub tau zoo dua. Cov hlau uas muaj 11-14% manganese muaj kev tiv thaiv kev hnav siab heev, thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv lub thoob khawb av, lub tshuab zeb pob zeb, thiab lwm yam. Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm manganese, kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm hlau tsis muaj zog thiab kev ua haujlwm vuam txo qis.

4. Phosphorus (P): Feem ntau hais lus, phosphorus yog ib qho khoom tsis zoo hauv cov hlau, uas ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau zoo dua, tab sis txo qhov plasticity thiab toughness ntawm cov hlau, ua rau cov hlau txias brittleness nce, thiab ua rau kev ua haujlwm vuam thiab kev ua haujlwm txias bending tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws feem ntau yuav tsum tau muaj cov phosphorus hauv cov hlau tsawg dua 0.045%, thiab qhov xav tau ntawm cov hlau zoo qis dua.

5. Sulfur (S): Sulfur kuj yog ib qho khoom phom sij nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj. Ua rau cov hlau kub brittle, txo qhov ductility thiab toughness ntawm cov hlau, thiab ua rau tawg thaum lub sij hawm forging thiab dov. Sulfur kuj ua rau kev ua haujlwm vuam tsis zoo thiab txo qhov corrosion tsis kam. Yog li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus sulfur feem ntau yog tsawg dua 0.055%, thiab cov hlau zoo yog tsawg dua 0.040%. Ntxiv 0.08-0.20% sulfur rau cov hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj peev xwm, uas feem ntau hu ua cov hlau txiav dawb.

6. Txhuas (Al): Txhuas yog ib qho deoxidizer uas siv ntau hauv hlau. Ntxiv me ntsis txhuas rau hlau tuaj yeem ua kom cov noob ntoo loj dua thiab txhim kho qhov cuam tshuam; Txhuas kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txhuas nrog chromium thiab silicon tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tev tawv thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm hlau thaum kub siab. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhuas yog tias nws cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm kub, kev ua haujlwm vuam thiab kev ua haujlwm txiav ntawm hlau.

7. Cov pa oxygen (O) thiab nitrogen (N): Cov pa oxygen thiab nitrogen yog cov khoom phom sij uas tuaj yeem nkag los ntawm cov pa roj cua sov thaum cov hlau yaj. Cov pa oxygen tuaj yeem ua rau hlau kub thiab tawg yooj yim, thiab nws cov nyhuv hnyav dua li cov sulfur. Cov pa nitrogen tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau txias tawg yooj yim zoo ib yam li cov phosphorus. Cov nyhuv laus ntawm nitrogen tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau tawv thiab muaj zog dua, tab sis txo qhov ductility thiab toughness, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum deformation laus.

8. Niobium (Nb), vanadium (V) thiab titanium (Ti): Niobium, vanadium thiab titanium yog cov khoom siv ua kom cov nplej zoo. Kev ntxiv cov khoom no kom raug tuaj yeem txhim kho cov qauv hlau, ua kom cov nplej zoo thiab txhim kho lub zog thiab tawv ntawm hlau.